In the late 1960s and 1970s scores of black nationalist and pan africanist private schools from preschools to postsecondary institutions appeared in urban centers across the united states such institutions constituted a vibrant if overlooked submovement of black power founded by civil rights veterans who believed that forming parallel institutions in inner cities was an essential strategy . Pdf on nov 28 2016 kenja mccray published we are an african people independent education black power and the radical imagination find read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. 2016 we are an african people independent education black power and the radical imagination the sixties vol 9 no 2 pp 276 278. During the height of the black power movement of the late 1960s and 1970s dozens of pan african nationalist private schools from preschools to post secondary ventures appeared in urban settings across the united states the small independent enterprises were often accused of teaching hate and were routinely harassed by authorities yet these institutions served as critical mechanisms for . We are an african people independent education black power and the radical imagination amazonin rickford russell books